Imunoterapia ativa em vacinas de mRNA como ferramenta de inovação no controle da pandemia da COVID-19
Palavras-chave:
Resposta imunológica, RNA mensageiro, SARS-CoV-2, Vacinas genéticasResumo
A pandemia da COVID-19, iniciada em 2019, impulsionou a ciência mundial a desenvolver vacinas de forma rápida e segura, a fim de conter a disseminação do vírus SARS-CoV-2. Nesse contexto, as vacinas de RNA mensageiro (mRNA) surgiram como uma tecnologia inovadora, utilizando uma plataforma capaz de instruir as células do hospedeiro a produzirem proteínas virais específicas, desencadeando uma resposta imunológica ativa e adaptativa. O presente estudo teve como objetivo discutir a eficácia, a segurança e o impacto das vacinas de mRNA no combate à COVID-19, analisando seus mecanismos de ação, efeitos adversos e contribuições para o controle da pandemia. Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa da literatura, de caráter descritivo e qualitativo, baseada em artigos publicados entre 2019 e 2025, selecionados nas bases de dados PubMed, SciELO e Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (BVS). Os resultados demonstraram que as vacinas de mRNA foram determinantes na redução de casos graves, hospitalizações e mortes, além de apresentarem elevada capacidade de adaptação frente às variantes virais. Sua segurança é garantida por mecanismos que impedem a integração do mRNA ao DNA do hospedeiro e por sua rápida degradação celular. Conclui-se que, apesar dos desafios relacionados à durabilidade da resposta imunológica, a eficácia, a segurança e a versatilidade das vacinas de mRNA consolidam essa tecnologia como uma ferramenta essencial para a saúde pública global e para o avanço da imunoterapia moderna.
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